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Alessandra Rossi, Maike Paetzel-Prüsmann, Merel Keijsers, Michael Anderson, Susan Leigh Anderson, Daniel Barry, Jan Gutsche, Justin Hart, Luca Iocchi, Ainse Kokkelmans, Wouter Kuijpers, Yun Liu, Daniel Polani, Caleb Roscon, Marcus Scheunemann, Peter Stone, Florian Vahl, René van de Molengraft, and Oskar von Stryk. The Human in the Loop: Perspectives and Challenges for RoboCup 2050. Autonomous Robots, May 2024.
Official version on publisher's website
Robotics researchers have been focusing on developing autonomous and human-like intelligent robots that are able to plan, navigate, manipulate objects, and interact with humans in both static and dynamic environments. These capabilities, however, are usually developed for direct interactions with people in controlled environments, and evaluated primarily in terms of human safety. Consequently, human-robot interaction (HRI) in scenarios with no intervention of technical personnel is under-explored. However, in the future, robots will be deployed in unstructured and unsupervised environments where they will be expected to work unsupervised on tasks which require direct interaction with humans and may not necessarily be collaborative. Developing such robots requires comparing the effectiveness and efficiency of similar design approaches and techniques. Yet, issues regarding the reproducibility of results, comparing different approaches between research groups, and creating challenging milestones to measure performance and development over time make this difficult. Here we discuss the international robotics competition called RoboCup as a benchmark for the progress and open challenges in AI and robotics development. The long term goal of RoboCup is developing a robot soccer team that can win against the world's best human soccer team by 2050. We selected RoboCup because it requires robots to be able to play with and against humans in unstructured environments, such as uneven fields and natural lighting conditions, and it challenges the known accepted dynamics in HRI. Considering the current state of robotics technology, RoboCup's goal opens up several open research questions to be addressed by roboticists. In this paper, we (a) summarise the current challenges in robotics by using RoboCup development as an evaluation metric, (b) discuss the state-of-the-art approaches to these challenges and how they currently apply to RoboCup, and (c) present a path for future development in the given areas to meet RoboCup's goal of having robots play soccer against and with humans by 2050.
@article{AURO24,
author={Alessandra Rossi and Maike Paetzel-Pr\"usmann and Merel Keijsers and Michael Anderson and Susan Leigh Anderson and Daniel Barry and Jan Gutsche and Justin Hart and Luca Iocchi and Ainse Kokkelmans and Wouter Kuijpers and Yun Liu and Daniel Polani and Caleb Roscon and Marcus Scheunemann and Peter Stone and Florian Vahl and Ren\'e van de Molengraft and Oskar von Stryk},
title="The Human in the Loop: {P}erspectives and Challenges for {R}obo{C}up 2050",
journal="Autonomous Robots",
month="May",
year="2024",
doi="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10514-024-10159-3",
abstract={
Robotics researchers have been focusing on developing
autonomous and human-like intelligent robots that are
able to plan, navigate, manipulate objects, and interact
with humans in both static and dynamic
environments. These capabilities, however, are usually
developed for direct interactions with people in
controlled environments, and evaluated primarily in terms
of human safety. Consequently, human-robot interaction
(HRI) in scenarios with no intervention of technical
personnel is under-explored. However, in the future,
robots will be deployed in unstructured and unsupervised
environments where they will be expected to work
unsupervised on tasks which require direct interaction
with humans and may not necessarily be
collaborative. Developing such robots requires comparing
the effectiveness and efficiency of similar design
approaches and techniques. Yet, issues regarding the
reproducibility of results, comparing different
approaches between research groups, and creating
challenging milestones to measure performance and
development over time make this difficult. Here we
discuss the international robotics competition called
RoboCup as a benchmark for the progress and open
challenges in AI and robotics development. The long term
goal of RoboCup is developing a robot soccer team that
can win against the world's best human soccer team by
2050. We selected RoboCup because it requires robots to
be able to play with and against humans in unstructured
environments, such as uneven fields and natural lighting
conditions, and it challenges the known accepted dynamics
in HRI. Considering the current state of robotics
technology, RoboCup's goal opens up several open research
questions to be addressed by roboticists. In this paper,
we (a) summarise the current challenges in robotics by
using RoboCup development as an evaluation metric, (b)
discuss the state-of-the-art approaches to these
challenges and how they currently apply to RoboCup, and
(c) present a path for future development in the given
areas to meet RoboCup's goal of having robots play soccer
against and with humans by 2050.
},
wwwnote={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10514-024-10159-3">Official version</a> on publisher's website},
}
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