Tools

1. An overview of tools for lexical analysis and LALR parsing

Lexical Analysis

1. Lex – A Lexical Analyzer Generator
2. JLex– A version of Lex that runs in the Java environment. Designed to work with the parser generation tool Cup.
3. JFlex– A newer version of Lex for the Java environment. Also designed to work with Cup.

Top-Down Parsing

1. Wikipedia’s entry on LL parsing, including a list of LL parser development tools
2. ANTLR, a tool for building LL parsers with actions in Java, C#, C++, or Python

Bottom-Up Parsing

1. The CKY Algorithm
2. Context-free parsing and matrix multiplication
   1. An explanation of Strassen’s algorithm
   2. Lillian Lee’s paper that shows that fast context-free parsing requires fast Boolean multiplication
3. Earley's Algorithm
   1. Earley’s original paper
   2. A clear statement of the algorithm, with an example
4. LALR Parsing
   1. Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler - The original LALR parser development tool for the Unix environment. Actions are written in C.
   2. Cup– An LALR parser development tool. Actions are written in Java.