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DAGs.
As defined in validator-state,
we model a DAG as a set of certificates.
Here we introduce operations on DAGs (as certificate sets)
that are more DAG-specific than the operations on certificate sets
defined in certificates.
By `DAG-specific' we mean that take into account the edges of the DAG,
as opposed to treating the DAG as just a set of vertices
as the operations in certificates do.
The edges are represented as the