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Notation

The following notations are used in describing grammars and languages:

V * a string of 0 or more elements
from the set V
( Kleene star or Kleene closure)
V+ 1 or more elements from V
V? 0 or 1 elements from V ( i.e., optional)
a | b either a or b
<nt> a nonterminal symbol or phrase name
ε the empty string